Æú¡°Ãñ¡±·Â¡°Î÷¡±ºÏ¡°Á÷¡±¡£
ȱʧÁËÉùÀÖ»ù´¡½ÌÓý¡ª¡ª´«Í³Ãñ¼äÒôÀÖ£¬Ñ§Éú½ÓÊܵÄÒôÀÖÐÎʽԽ·¢µ¥Ò»£¬ÖªÊ¶ÃæÔ½À´Ô½Õ¡£ËûÃÇûÓÐÌõ¼þ½Ó´¥¡¢Ñ§Ï°¶àÃñ×å¡¢¶à·ç¸ñ¡¢¶à³ª·¨µÄÃñ¼äÒôÀÖ¡£ÖªÊ¶µÄØÑ·¦£¬ÑÏÖØµØÓ°ÏìÁËËûÃǶÔÓڸ質ÒÕÊõµÄÅжϺͱæ±ð£¬´ó¶àÊýÃñ×åÉùÀÖµÄѧÉú£¬×ÔÈ»¾ÍÒÔÎę̀ÉϳÉÃûµÄͬÀàÑÝԱΪģ·Â¶ÔÏó£¬Ñݳª·ç¸ñºÍ¼¼Çɱ㳯×ÅÇ÷ͬ·½Ïò·¢Õ¹¡£Òò´Ë£¬Ãñ¼äÒôÀÖÕýÔÚ¾ßÓÐÎÄ»¯¹¤ÒµÌØÕ÷µÄÃñ×åÉùÀÖ½ÌÓýÖÐ×ßÏòÏûÍö¡£Õâ²»ÊÇΣÑÔËÊÌý£¬Ä¿Ç°£¬ÒôÀÖԺУµÄÃñ×åÉùÀÖ½ÌÓýÏÖ×´¾ÍÊÇÈç´Ë¡£
Ò»¡¢ÎÒ¹úרҵÉùÀÖ½ÌÓýµÄÀúÊ·¼°ÏÖ×´
··¡¶Öйú½üÏÖ´úÒôÀÖÊ·¡·£¬×Ô1840ÄêѻƬսÕùÒÔºó£¬Öйú½üÏÖ´ú½ÌÓýÊÇÔÚÖÐÎ÷ÎÄ»¯½»ÈÚÓëÅöײÖÐÇúÕÛǰ½øµÄ¡£ÎªÁ˾ÈÍöͼ´æ£¬¸»¹úÇ¿Ãñ£¬ÑóÎñÅÉÍÆÐеġ°ÖÐѧΪÌ壬Î÷ѧΪÓá±µÄÎÄ»¯Ö÷ÕÅ£¬Ê¹¡°Î÷ѧ¶«½¥¡±´ßÉúÁËÊÜÎ÷·½¹úÃñ½ÌÓý˼³±Ó°ÏìµÄÎÒ¹úÒôÀÖ»ù´¡½ÌÓýµÄÃÈÑ¿¡£ÒÔÁºÆô³¬Îª´ú±íµÄάÐÂÅÉÈÏʶµ½ÁËÒôÀÖ½ÌÓýµÄÖØÒªÒâÒ壬»ý¼«ÌᳫÔÚѧУ¿ªÉ質¸è¿Î£¬Ïò´óÖÚ´«²¥¾ßÓÐÐÂÄÚÈݵÄÀָ貢¶¯ÊÖд×÷иè¸è´Ê¡£Ò»Ð©ÁôѧÈÕ±¾µÄѧ×ÓÈçÉòÐŤ£¬ÔÚ1903Äê»Ø¹úºó¾Í×ÅÊÖÔÚÉϺ£µÈµØÖÐСѧ´´É質¸è¿ÎºÍ±àдѧУУ¸è¡£¡°¸ý×Óʱ䡱£¨1901Ä꣩ºó£¬ÇåÕþ¸®ÆÈÓÚÕþÖÎÐÎʽµÄѹÁ¦±»ÆÈ²ÉÓÃάÐÂÅÉ¡°·Ï¿Æ¾Ù£¬ÐËѧÌᱵĸÄÁ¼´ëÊ©ÒÔÍì¾ÈΣ»ú£¬Ê¹µÃÀÖ¸èΪÖ÷µÄÐÂÖÆÒôÀÖ½ÌÓý´ÓȺÖÚ×Ô·¢µÄÐж¯ÖнâÍѳöÀ´£¬ÐγÉÒ»ÖÖеÄÖÆ¶È£¬ºóÈ˰ÑÕâ¶ÎʱÆÚµÄÀÖ¸èͳ³ÆÎª¡°Ñ§ÌÃÀָ衱¡£¡°Ñ§ÌÃÀָ衱 ÀÖ¸èµÄÇúÆ×À´Ô´ÓÚÅ·ÃÀ¸÷¹ú¸èÇúºÍÆ÷ÀÖÇú£¬ÆäÌØµã´óÖÂÓÐÑ¡ÇúÌî´Ê¡¢Îİ׼æÓá¢ÒÔÎ÷ÑóģʽΪÖ÷µÄÒôÀÖ·ç¸ñ¡£Òò´ËÓÐר¼Ò³ÆÆäΪ¡°ÒìÖÊÎÄ»¯¡±£¬ËüʵÖÊÉϳ䵱ÁËÖйúÒôÀÖ»ù´¡½ÌÓýµÄ¡°´ßÉú¼Á¡±¡£1927Ä꣬ÏôÓÑ÷²©Ê¿ÔÚ²ÌÔªÅàÏÈÉúµÄÖ§³ÖÏ´´°ìÁËÎÒ¹úÀúÊ·ÉϵÚÒ»Ëù¸ßµÈרҵÒôÀÖ½ÌÓý»ú¹¹¡ª¡ªÉϺ£¹úÁ¢ÒôÀÖÔº£¨ºó¸Ä³Æ¹úÁ¢Òôר£©£¬´Ó¶øÏÆ¿ªÁËÖйúÒôÀÖ½ÌÓýеÄÒ»Ò³¡£µ«¼´±ãÈç´Ë£¬¹úÁ¢ÒôÀÖÔºµÄÒôÀÖ½ÌÓý¡°´Ó20ÊÀ¼Í20Äê´úµ½40Äê´ú£¬Ñ¹æµ¸¾Ø£¬×ßÁËÒ»Ìõ²»ÕÛ²»¿ÛµÄÎ÷·½×¨ÒµÒôÀÖ½ÌÓý֮·¡±[1]¡£
×÷ΪһÖÖÒìÖÊÎÄ»¯£¬¾ÍÒÕÊõÁìÓò¶øÑÔ£¬°´ÕÕÖ³ÃñʱÆÚÒôÀÖ½ÌÓýµÄ¹Ûµã£º¡°Ö»ÓÐÅ·ÖÞµÄÒôÀÖ²ÅÊÇÏȽøµÄ£¬Òò´ËÖ»ÓÐÅ·ÖÞÒôÀÖ²ÅÊÇΨһֵµÃѧϰµÄ¡£¡±ÎªÁË˳ӦÎåËÄÐÂÎÄ»¯Ô˶¯ºÍÖйú¼±ÓÚ×ßÉÏÏÖ´ú»¯µÄÀúÊ·³±Á÷£¬ÖйúµÄÒôÀÖ½ÌÓý¹¤×÷ÕßÃÇÑ¡ÔñÁËÎ÷·½µÄ½ÌÓýģʽ¡£Ê±ÖÁ½ñÈÕ£¬ÎÒ¹úµÄÒôÀÖ½ÌÓýÊÂÒµÒѾ·¢Õ¹µ½ÓµÓÐ9ËùרҵÒôÀÖѧԺ£¬Èý°Ù¶àËùÒôÀÖ¶þ¼¶Ôº£¨Ïµ£©ºÍÎÞÊýËùΪ´ïµ½×ÛºÏԺУ±ê×¼¶øÕýÔÚ½¨Á¢ÒôÀÖϵµÄ×ۺϴóѧÕâÒ»ÐÀÐÀÏòÈٵľÖÃæ¡£È»¶ø£¬ÔÚÕâÐÀÐÀÏòÈٵı³ºó£¬ÑÜÉú³öÒ»Á¬´®µÄÎÊÌ⣺ŷÖÞÒôÀÖÖÐÐÄÂÛ¡¢Î÷·½ÒôÀÖģʽʢÐи÷´óԺУ¡¢ÖйúÒôÀÖÂäºóÂ۵ȵȡ£Í¬Ê±£¬Öйú´óÁ¿µÄÃñ¼äÒôÀÖºÍÐí¶à¾ßÓеط½É«²ÊµÄÉÙÊýÃñ×åÒôÀÖÓÎ×ßÔÚ½Ìѧ´ó¸ÙÖ®Íâ¡£ÓÚÊÇÔÚÒôÀÖ½ÌѧÖгöÏÖÁËÖйúµÄ¹ÅÇÙÆ×±»·Òë³ÉÎåÏ߯×ÄÃÀ´½ÌѧµÄÏÖÏó£»ÓÚÊdzöÏÖÁËѧԺÀïѧÉú²»ÈÏʶÉõÖÁûÓмû¹ý¹«³ßÆ×¡¢¼õ×֯׵ĹÖÒìÏÖÏó¡£ÓÚÊÇÕÅÕðÌÎÔÚËû³ö°æµÄѧλÂÛÎÄ¡°Ç°ÑÔ¡±ÖÐдµÀ£º¡°ÔÚÅ©ÃñÀÖʦµÄÑÛÀÎÒÃÇÊdzÇÊÐÀïרҵµÄÒôÀÖ¼Ò£¬ÊÇ´Ó¹ú¼ÒµÄ×î¸ßѧ¸®×ß³öÀ´£¬×ùÔÚ¹ú¼Ò×î¸ßÑо¿»ú¹¹ÖеÄרҵÑо¿ÈËÔ±£¬¶øÎÒÃÇÈ´²»Ê¶Æ×£¨¹«³ßÆ×£©¡±£»¡°20ÊÀ¼Í¶Ô´«Í³ÎÄ»¯½ÌÓýÊÂÎñµÄÏÖ´ú½ÌÓýÌåÖÆÖÐÅàÑø³öÀ´µÄѧ×ÓµÄ֪ʶ½á¹¹£¬´ó¸Å»ù±¾Èç´Ë£º²»¶®´«Í³ÒôÀÖ£¬È´Ç³±¡µØÈÏΪËüÂäºó¡£¡±
ÎÒ¹úרҵÒôÀÖ½ÌÓýͨ¹ýרҵÒôÀÖѧԺ¡¢¶þ¼¶ÒôÀÖÔº£¨Ïµ£©ÅàÑø³ö´óÁ¿µÄѧ×Ó£¬Ëû£¨Ëý£©ÃDZÏҵʱ±»·ÖÅ䵽ȫ¹ú¸÷µØ£¬ÔÚ½ÌѧµÄ¹ý³ÌÖÐ×ÔÈ»µØ°ÑÅ·ÖÞÒôÀÖ½ÌѧÌåϵ²ã²ãÉøÍ¸µ½È«¹úµÄÖÐСѧÒôÀÖ½Ìѧ֮ÖУ¬ÆäÓ°ÏìµÄ¹ã¶ÈºÍÉî¶È²»ÑÔ¶øÓ÷¡£¡°Î÷ѧ¶«½¥¡±µÄÓ°ÏìÊÇͨ¹ý¸÷¼¶¸÷ÀàѧУÒôÀÖ½ÌÓý²úÉúµÄ£¬²¢Óɴ˹¹³ÉÁËÎÒ¹ú½üÏÖ´úÒôÀÖÎÄ»¯µÄÖ÷Á÷£¬¶øÔÚ¹ã´óµÄÅ©´å£¬ÔÚÄÇЩ¡°Î´¾Ñ§Ð£ÒôÀÖ½ÌÓýϵͳѵÁ·¹ýµÄÅ©ÃñÀÖʦ¡±ÄÇÀÔÚ´óÁ¿Ãñ¼äµÄÎÄÒÕÑݳöÍÅÌåÖУ¬ËûÃÇÒÀÈ»±üÊØ×Å´«Í³£¬´«³Ð×ÅÖйúµÄ´«Í³ÒôÀÖ¡£
¶þ¡¢ÓйØÎÒ¹úµÄÃñ¼äÉùÀÖ
ÓÉÓÚÖйúµÄÃñ¼äÒôÀÖ¼°ÆäÀíÂ۽϶àÊÇ¿¿¿ÚÍ·ÐÎʽ´´Ô졢ʹÓúÍÑØÏ®ÏÂÀ´µÄ£¬Òò´ËÃñ¼äÒôÀÖ´«³ÐÖ÷ÒªÊÇÖ¸¡°¿Ú´«ÐÄÊÚ¡±¡£¡°¿Ú´«¡±¼´¿Ú¶Ô¿ÚµÄ½Ìϰ»ò˵ÊÇÃæÊÚ»úÒË¡£¡°ÐÄÊÚ¡±¾ÍÊÇÐÄÁìÉñ»á£¬ÊÇ´«ÊÚÓÃÊéÃæÓïÑÔÄÑÒÔ±í´ïµÄÒôÀÖµÄÉñÔÏ¡£
¹ØÓÚ¡°¿Ú´«ÐÄÊÚ¡±µÄÃî´¦£¬ÖйúÃñ¼äÒôÀÖ¡°»î̬¡±´«³ÐµÄÒâÒåÔÚÎÒ¹úÌØÓÐµÄ¼ÇÆ×·½Ê½ÉÏÒ²¿ÉÒÔÇå³þµØ·´Ó³³öÀ´¡£ÓÉÓÚ¡°¿Ú´«ÐÄÊÚ¡±¾ßÓм«´óµÄÁé»îÐԺͼ´ÐËÐÔ£¬ÐγÉÁËÎÒ¹ú¶ÀÌØµÄ¼ÇÆ×·½Ê½¡£ÎÒ¹ú´Ó¹ÅÖÁ½ñÓÃÀ´¼Ç¼ºÍ´«³ÐÒôÀÖµÄÀÖÆ×ÖÖÀà·±¶à£¬È繬͢ÑÅÀÖËùÓÃÂÉÂÀÆ×¡¢¹¤ÉÌÆ×£¬¹ÅÇÙÎÄ×֯ס¢¼õ×֯ף¬ËÎɪÆ×¡¢Û÷Æ×¡¢¹¤³ßÆ×¡¢¶þËįס¢ÈýÏÒÆ×µÈ£¬ÆäÖÐʹÓÃ×î¶àÓ¦ÓÃ×î¹ãµÄÊǹ¤³ßÆ×¡£¹¤³ßÆ×ÊDzÉÓúºÎÄ×Ö¼ÇÆ×µÄÀ֯ׯ×ϵ£¬Ëü²ÉÓÃÎÄ×ּǼÒôÀֵķûºÅ£¬×î´ó³Ì¶ÈµØÊµÏÖÁËÓ봫ͳÎÄ»¯µÄ½áºÏ¡£¡°¹¤³ßÆ×µÄ×î´óÌØÕ÷¾ÍÊÇÖ»¼Ç¼ÒôÀÖÐýÂɵĿò¼ÜºÍ¹Ç¸ÉÒô£¬¶ÔÓÚÄÇЩϸ΢µÄ±ä»¯ºÍ×°ÊÎÒôÔòºöÂÔ²»¼Ç£¬ÀÖÆ×ÔÚÒôÀÖ´«³ÐµÄ¹ý³ÌÖÐÖ»ÊÇÒ»¸ö¸¨Öú¹¤¾ß£¬¶øÒôÀÖÕæÕýµÄ¾«»ªºÍÒâÒåÈ´Ô̺¬ÔÚ´«ÊÚÕßÄÇÀ[2]£¬Òò´Ë˵¶«·½ÎÄ»¯ÊǸ»Óе¯ÐÔ¶ø²»È·¶¨µÄ£¬¼´ËùνµÄ¡°ÒôÎÞ¶¨¸ß£¬Ê±ÎÞ¶¨Öµ¡±£¬Ëü×¢ÖØµÄÊǹý³Ì£¨Î÷·½ÒôÀÖ×¢ÖØµÄÊǽá¹û£©±ÈÈçÖйú¹ÅÇÙÑÝ×àÖбíÏÖ³öµÄÒôÓëÒôÖ®¼äϸ΢µÄÒôÉ«¿ØÖÆ£¬ÔÚÖйúÏ·ÇúÖС°ÐÐÇ»¡±¡¢¡°ÍÏÇ»¡±ÖеIJ»¶Ï±ä»¯µÈ¡£
×ÜÖ®£¬Ãñ¼äÒôÀÖ´«³ÐÊÇÃñÖÚ×Ô·¢µÄ×ÔÎÒ´«³Ð£¬ÓÉÓÚȱÉÙ×ÔÖ÷Òâʶ£¬ÕâÖÖ×Ô·¢ÐÔûÓÐÔÚÉç»áÉú»îÖеõ½¹ã·ºµÄÈÏͬ£¬Ôì³ÉÁË¡°Ê§ÓµÄ¾³µØ¡£µ«ÊÇ£¬ÓÉÓÚÕâÖÖ×Ô·¢ÐÔ£¬Ê¹Ãñ¼äÒôÀÖ´«³ÐÓëѧУͳһ½ÌѧģʽµÄרҵÒôÀÖ½ÌÓýÏà±È¸ü¼ÓÓÐÀûÓÚά»¤ÇøÓòÎÄ»¯µÄÌØÕ÷ºÍ¸÷ÖÖÁ÷Åɵı£´æ¡£Ãñ¼äÒôÀÖÎÄ»¯ÊÇÃñ×å±¾ÖÊ×îÍêÃÀµÄÒôÀÖ±íÏÖ£¬Ëü²»½ö¾ßÓÐÃñ¼äÒâÒ壬¸üÊǾßÓÐÃñ×åÒâÒ壬ÔÚÕâÒ»µãÉÏ£¬Ãñ¼äÒôÀֵĴ«³Ð¾ßÓÐÉî¿ÌµÄÒâÒå¡£
Èý¡¢¶Ô¡°ÖÐÎ÷¹ØÏµ¡±µÄÔÙÈÏʶ
½¨¹ú³õÆÚ£¬µ³ºÍÕþ¸®¶ÔÓÚÃñ×崫ͳÒôÀÖÎÄ»¯·Ç³£ÖØÊÓ£¬Îª·±ÈÙÐÂÖйúµÄÎÄ»¯ÒÕÊõ£¬Öƶ¨ÁËһϵÁеÄÕþ²ß¡¢·½Õë¡£È磬ÎÄÒÕ±ØÐ롰ΪÈËÃñ·þÎñ¡±¡¢¡°Îª¹¤Å©±ø·þÎñ¡±µÄ·½Ïò£¬³«µ¼ÒÕÊõ¼ÒÖØÊÓÃñ¼äÒôÀÖ£¬¡°×ßÈëÃñ¼ä¡±ÓëȺÖÚ´ò³ÉһƬ£»¡°°Ù»¨Æë·Å£¬°Ù¼ÒÕùÃù¡±µÄ·½Õ룬ÌᳫÒÕÊõ¶àÐÎʽ¡¢¶à·ç¸ñ¡¢¶àÁ÷ÅɵÄ×ÔÓÉ·¢Õ¹£»ÒÔ¼°ÒôÀÖÒÕÊõÒª¡°¸ïÃü»¯¡¢Ãñ×廯¡¢ÈºÖÚ»¯¡±µÄ˼Ïë¹ÛÄîµÈµÈ£¬ÎªÐÂÖйúÎÄÒÕÖ¸Ã÷ÁË·½Ïò£¬¼«´óµØµ÷¶¯ÁËÒÕÊõ¼ÒµÄ»ý¼«ÐÔ£¬Í¶ÉíÓÚȺÖÚÉú»î¡£ÕýÊÇÓÉÓÚÕâЩ·½Õë¡¢Õþ²ßµÄÖ¸µ¼£¬ÎåÁùÊ®Äê´ú£¬²ÅÓÐÁËÒÔÃñ¼äÒôÀÖΪ½ÌÓý»ù´¡£¬²ÉÓá°Çë½øÀ´£¬×ß³öÈ¥¡±µÄ½ÌÓýģʽ¡£
20ÊÀ¼Í80Äê´úÒÔºó£¬Ëæ×ÅÉç»á½ÌÓýÌåÖÆµÄ¸Ä±ä£¬ÎÄÒÕ½ÌÓýÕþ²ßËäȻҲÌᳫѧϰ´«Í³Ãñ¼äÒôÀÖ£¬µ«Á¦¶È½ÏÈõ¡£½ÌÓýÕßÒ²·ÅËÉÁ˶ÔÃñ¼äÒôÀÖµÄѧϰ£¬Ê¦ÉúÃǵ½Ãñ¼äÔ½À´Ô½ÉÙ£¬¾ßÓÐÃñ¼äÒôÀָ質ÄÜÁ¦µÄÀÏʦԽÀ´Ô½ÉÙ£¬´«ÊÚµÄÔÉúÃñ¼äÒôÀÖÔò¸üÉÙ¡£´«Í³Ãñ¼ä¸è³ªÔÚרҵÒôÀÖ½ÌÓýÖÐȱʧÁËÓ¦ÓеĵØÎ»¡£Òò¶ø£¬Ãñ¼äÒôÀֵĴ«³ÐÁ´ÔÚÃñ×åÉùÀÖ½ÌÓýÖУ¬³öÏÖijЩ»·½ÚµÄ¶ÏÁÑÒ²ÊÇÀúÊ·µÄ±ØÈ»¡£
¡¡¡¡´óÖÚýÌåÔÚʵÏÖÐÅÏ¢¹¦ÄÜÖ®Ó࣬ʼÖÕÒýÁì×ÅÒ»¸öʱ´úµÄÎÄ»¯ÀàÐͺÍÎÄ»¯·ç¸ñ¡£ÌرðÊǵç×Óý½é£¬¶ÔÉç»áÕûÌåÎÄ»¯»·¾³µÄÓ°ÏìÁ¦Ò»Ö±´¦ÔÚÇ¿ÊÆµØÎ»¡£½¨¹ú17Ä꣬ÕûÌå»·¾³µÄÎÄ»¯ÐèÇ󣬴ÙʹÁËÃñ×åÉùÀֵĽ¡¿µ·¢Õ¹¡£µ±Ê±µÄÇ¿ÊÆÃ½Ì塪¡ª¹ã²¥£¬²¥·ÅÃñ¼äÒôÀֵıÈÀýռȫ²¿ÎÄÒÕ½ÚĿʱ¼ä¶ÎµÄ1£¯2£»ÁíÒ»ÖØÒªÃ½Ì塪¡ªµçÓ°£¬ÓдóÁ¿¸Ä±à×Ô²»Í¬µØÇø¡¢²»Í¬Ãñ×åµÄÃñ¸è£¬Èç¡¶ÁõÈý½ã¡·¡¶°¢Ê«Âê¡·¡¶±ùɽÉϵÄÀ´¿Í¡·µÈµçÓ°ÒôÀÖ£»»¹ÓÐÈ«¹úÐÔµÄÃñ¼ä»ãÑÝ£¬Ò²Í¨¹ý¹ã²¥µÃµ½Á˹㷺µÄ´«²¥¡£Õû¸öÉç»á¶¼ÔÚ¼«Á¦ºëÑïÃñ×åÃñ¼äÒôÀÖ¡£Ñ§Ð£½ÌÓý²»¸ÊʾÈõ£¬»ý¼«Í¶Éíµ½Ñ§Ï°¡¢´«²¥Ãñ¼äÒôÀֵĺéÁ÷ÖУ¬²»¶Ï¼³È¡Ñø·Ö¡£ÎÞÂÛרҵ¸è³ª»¹ÊÇÒôÀÖ´´×÷£¬ÕæÕý³ÊÏÖ³ö¡°°Ù»¨Æë·Å¡±µÄϲÈ˾°Ïó¡£
¡¡¡¡80Äê´úÒÔºó£¬Ç¿ÊÆÃ½Ìå¶ÔÃñ¼äÒôÀֵĴ«²¥¾ÀúÁËÒ»¸ö½¥±ä¹ý³Ì¡£³õÆÚ£¬ÊÇÃñ¼äÒôÀֵĻָ´ÆÚ£¬Ãñ¼äÒôÀÖÔÚ´«²¥Ã½ÌåÖÐÕ¼Ï൱±ÈÀý£¬Ñ§Ð£µÄÃñ¼äÒôÀÖ½ÌÓýÒ²±¶ÊÜÖØÊÓ¡£80Äê´ú³õ£¬Î人ÒôÀÖѧԺ»Ö¸´ÁËÃñ×åÉùÀÖ½ÌÓýרҵ£¬Ê¦ÉúÃÇÓÖ¿ªÊ¼ÁËÒòÎĸïÍ£ÖÍÊ®¼¸ÄêºóµÄÃñ¼äÒôÀֲɼ¯ºÍѧϰ¡£
¡¡¡¡¶øµ